Class 07 History Chapter 1 Harshvardhan and Contemporary Society Notes & Important Question Answer
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Chapter Notes
Emperor Harshavardhana belonged to the Pushyabhuti dynasty. After the fall of the Gupta Empire, India disintegrated into small states. During this time, the invasion of the Huns worsened the situation. It was at this time that Harshavardhana established the Pushyabhuti dynasty in Thanesar.
Rulers of the Pushyabhuti dynasty:
1. Naravardhan, Rajyavardhan, and Adityavardhan (505 CE – 580 CE): Information about these rulers is found in the writings of Harsha's poet, Bana Bhatt, and inscriptions found in places like Banskheda and Madhuban. They were not fully independent rulers and hence adopted the title of 'Maharaj.'
2. Prabhakaravardhan (580 CE – 605 CE): Prabhakaravardhan was the first independent ruler of the Pushyabhuti dynasty. He adopted the titles of 'Maharajadhiraj' and 'Param Bhattarak.' Bana Bhatt praised him as the 'Lion' for the Huns and the 'Fever' for the Sindhu region. He had three children - Rajyavardhan, Rajyashri, and Harshavardhana.
3. Rajyavardhan (605 CE): After Prabhakaravardhan's death, his eldest son Rajyavardhan became the king of Thanesar. He also held the titles of 'Maharajadhiraj' and 'Param Bhattarak.' Early in his reign, he faced a serious crisis. He received news that the rulers of Malwa, Devagupta; Gauda, Shashanka; and Vallabhi, King Dhruvasena, had jointly attacked and killed his brother-in-law, Grahavarman, the ruler of Kannauj, and captured his sister, Rajyashri. Rajyavardhan immediately set out with ten thousand soldiers for war. He defeated Devagupta of Malwa but was betrayed and assassinated by King Shashanka in 606 CE.
Chapter Notes
Emperor Harshavardhana belonged to the Pushyabhuti dynasty. After the fall of the Gupta Empire, India disintegrated into small states. During this time, the invasion of the Huns worsened the situation. It was at this time that Harshavardhana established the Pushyabhuti dynasty in Thanesar.
Rulers of the Pushyabhuti dynasty:
1. Naravardhan, Rajyavardhan, and Adityavardhan (505 CE – 580 CE): Information about these rulers is found in the writings of Harsha's poet, Bana Bhatt, and inscriptions found in places like Banskheda and Madhuban. They were not fully independent rulers and hence adopted the title of 'Maharaj.'
2. Prabhakaravardhan (580 CE – 605 CE): Prabhakaravardhan was the first independent ruler of the Pushyabhuti dynasty. He adopted the titles of 'Maharajadhiraj' and 'Param Bhattarak.' Bana Bhatt praised him as the 'Lion' for the Huns and the 'Fever' for the Sindhu region. He had three children - Rajyavardhan, Rajyashri, and Harshavardhana.
3. Rajyavardhan (605 CE): After Prabhakaravardhan's death, his eldest son Rajyavardhan became the king of Thanesar. He also held the titles of 'Maharajadhiraj' and 'Param Bhattarak.' Early in his reign, he faced a serious crisis. He received news that the rulers of Malwa, Devagupta; Gauda, Shashanka; and Vallabhi, King Dhruvasena, had jointly attacked and killed his brother-in-law, Grahavarman, the ruler of Kannauj, and captured his sister, Rajyashri. Rajyavardhan immediately set out with ten thousand soldiers for war. He defeated Devagupta of Malwa but was betrayed and assassinated by King Shashanka in 606 CE.
4. Harshavardhana (590 CE – 647 CE): Harshavardhana was born on June 4, 590 CE, in the vast kingdom of Thanesar. His mother's name was Yashomati Devi, and his father was Prabhakaravardhan. He was a tolerant, courageous, and valiant king. Harshavardhana had three siblings. Banabhatta's work, 'Harshacharita,' provides information about Harshavardhana's childhood.
In Thanesar's kingdom, Rajyabhishek (606 CE – 647 CE): After the death of his elder brother, Harshavardhana was coronated as the king of Thanesar at the age of sixteen, with the advice of his Prime Minister Bhandi. The first capital of Emperor Harshavardhana's kingdom was Thanesar, situated on the banks of the river Saraswati.
Acquisition of Kannauj: After the coronation, Harshavardhana took revenge on his enemies. His sister Rajyashri had fled from the enemy and sought refuge in the forests of Vidyanachal. Harsha located her with the help of Buddhist monk Divakaramitra. In the face of repeated attacks, Rajyashri pleaded with Harsha to move the capital from Thanesar to Kannauj. Harsha eventually acceded to her request, and in doing so, Kannauj was declared his new capital.
Harshavardhana's Major Victories:
1. Conquest of Gauda: King Shashanka of Gauda was Harsha's biggest enemy. He followed the Shaivite sect and opposed Buddhism strongly. Harsha sent Bhandi with an army to attack Gauda, but the campaign was not entirely successful. Later, Harsha made a treaty with King Bhaskaravarma of Kamrup and defeated Shashanka comprehensively.
2. Victories in Five Provinces: According to Hwui Shan, Harshavardhana continuously waged war against the rulers of five provinces during the initial six years of his reign and achieved victories. These five regions were Punjab, Kannauj, Bihar, Bengal, and Odisha.
3. Conquest of Vallabhi: In 630 CE, Harshavardhana launched an attack on Vallabhi (Gujarat) with a large army. The ruler of Vallabhi, King Dhruvasena II, was defeated, and Harsha established his dominance. Later, Dhruvasena II was restored to power with the help of Dadda II, the ruler of Broach. As a gesture of goodwill, Harsha married his daughter to Dhruvasena II.
4. Conquest of Kamrup: Harshavardhana defeated the ruler of Kamrup, Bhaskaravarma, and annexed his kingdom under his own rule. Bhaskaravarma initially accepted Harsha's sovereignty.
5. Conquest of Sindh: Prabhakaravardhan had earlier conquered Sindh, but after his death, Sindh regained its independence. Harshavardhana launched a second invasion and recaptured the region. He took the sacred tooth of Lord Buddha from there and established it in the vihara at Kannauj.
6. Victory in Ganjam: Harsha's last conquest was Odisha. Initial invasions were not successful, but in 643 CE, he achieved victory. During this time, Pulakeshin II of Chalukya dynasty had passed away, making Harsha's conquest easier. Harsha made an offering of eighty nagaras (towns) in Odisha to local Buddhist monasteries as donations.
Harsha's Empire
Harsha's Empire - Harsha established a vast empire with the strength of his army, which extended from Kashmir in the north to the Vindhyachal range in the south, and from Kamrup in the east to the Arabian Sea in the west.
Foreign Relations - Harsha maintained good relations with foreign countries. There was trade with foreign nations, and pilgrims from various regions visited India. The famous Chinese traveler, Hsuan Tsang, also came to India during the reign of Harsha and stayed in his court for eight years. Hsuan Tsang is known as the "Prince of Pilgrims.”
War with Pulakeshin II - Pulakeshin II was a powerful ruler of South India, and Harsha was a powerful ruler of North India. In 633 AD, they fought a war on the banks of the Narmada River, in which Harsha was defeated.
Administrative System of Harsha -
Harsha established a hierarchical administrative system in his empire. The king (Harsha) was the supreme authority of the state. After that, various ministerial posts were given to capable individuals. It was mandatory for the ministers to have military skills because any minister could be sent on military campaigns. The distribution of ministers was as follows:
1. Pradhanamantri (Chief Advisor to the King)
2. Mahasandhivigrahadhikrit (Minister of War and Peace)
3. Mahabalahikrit (Commander-in-Chief)
4. Mahapratihara (Minister of Palace Security)
5. Ashtapatalika (Finance Officer)
Provincial Administration - Harsha divided his empire into provinces and entrusted them to feudal lords and great feudal lords who accepted Harsha's suzerainty. The feudal lords ruling the provinces were indirectly responsible to the king. The head of the provinces was called "Uparika Kumaramatya."
Local Administration - Bhuktis (provinces) were further divided into Vishayas, and these were subdivided into Bhoga. The lowest unit of administration was the village (Gram), and the head of the village was called "Gramika" or "Pradhan."
Revenue System -
Income - The main source of income was land revenue, which constituted one-sixth of the total produce, known as "Bhaga" or "Udrang." The king also received voluntary gifts from the people, known as "Bali." Other sources of income included tolls, sales taxes, forest taxes, etc.
Expenditure - Harsha allocated his income to five categories: donations, public welfare activities, salaries to officials, military expenses, and expenses on royal family and maintenance.
Social and Economic System -
Caste System - Society during Harsha's time was divided into four main varnas: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Brahmins were responsible for providing education and performing religious rituals, Kshatriyas for defense, Vaishyas for trade and commerce, and Shudras for serving others.
Marriage - Inter-caste marriages were accepted during that time, and over time, Anuloma and Pratiloma marriages were also gradually accepted. Polygamy was prevalent.
High Moral Values - People during this period emphasized honesty and duty, and guests were considered equivalent to gods.
Housing - Cities were planned with protective walls around them. Palaces and multi-story buildings were constructed using stones and baked bricks.
Diet - People during this time consumed simple meals, including wheat, rice, ghee, milk, curd, jaggery, and mustard oil. Onions and garlic were not used, and some people were non-vegetarians.
Economic System - Agriculture was the main livelihood of people during this time. Some cities, like Thanesar, Ujjain, and Kannauj, prospered as centers of trade. Industries such as textile, leather, pottery, and metalwork were prominent.
Character of Harsha -
Harsha's character and his achievements are described in the "Harshacharita," written by Banabhatta.
Skilled Administrator and Great Commander - He divided his empire into provinces and visited the villages to know the condition of his people. He won many northern Indian rulers with his army and military strategies.
People's Lover - He had great love for his subjects and spent a significant portion of his treasury on public welfare, including hospitals, rest houses, roads, bridges, education, and water management.
Family Lover - He had deep affection for his family. When his brother, Rajyavardhana, was betrayed and killed, Harsha sought revenge and also found his sister.
Great Philanthropist - Harsha was a generous donor. He used to donate a considerable amount of money every five years during the Prayag Sammelan.
Religious Tolerance - Initially, Harsha followed the Shaivite faith, but later he embraced Buddhism. Under his rule, people of all religions lived together peacefully.
Promoter of Buddhism - Harsha sent his emissaries to foreign countries for the propagation of Buddhism. He also donated lands to Nalanda University, where Buddhist education was imparted.
Protector of Scholars - Harsha gave patronage to many literary and Buddhist scholars in his court. Prominent scholars like Banabhatta, Divakar, Mayur, Jayasen, and Bhasa lived in his court.
Great Playwright, Patron of Art and Literature - Harsha himself was a playwright and a scholar. He wrote three plays, 'Ratnavali,' 'Nagananda,' and 'Priyadarshika.' He also supported Banabhatta, who wrote 'Harshacharita' and 'Kadambari.'
Hsuan Tsang's Description of Harsha -
Hsuan Tsang was a Chinese traveler who came to India during Harsha's reign around 629 AD and stayed in his court for about eight years. After traveling in South India, he returned to China in 644 AD. Hsuan Tsang wrote an account of his travels, which is known as the "Si-yu-ki" or "Records of the Western Countries." In this account, he provided details about Harsha, his administration, and the society of that time.
Hsuan Tsang’s Route
Answers -
1. Kadambari (e) Banabhatta
Put the sign of correct (✓) or wrong (X) against the following statements:
1. Prabhakaravardhan was the son of King Adityavardhan and Queen Mahasen Gupta. (✓)
2. King Shashanka of Gauda or Karnataka was Harsha's biggest enemy. (X)
3. Mahasandhi Vigrahadhit Harsha was the war and peace minister. (✓)
4. There were 10,000 students and 5,000 teachers working in Nalanda Vishwavidyalaya. (X)
5. Huen Tsang studied at Nalanda Vishwavidyalaya for 5 years. (X)
Short Answer:
Question 1. What is "Harshacharit," and who wrote it?
Answer – "Harshacharit" is a literary work written by Banabhatta.
Question 2. What are the sources of information about Harshavardhan's reign?
Answer – Information about Harshavardhan's reign is available from the literary works "Harshacharit" by Banabhatta and the travelogue "Si-Yu-Ki" written by Hwui Seng.
Question 3. What was Harshavardhan's intention to conquer the Gauda Kingdom?
Answer – Harshavardhan sought to avenge the death of his sister, Rajyashri, who was imprisoned and killed by Shashanka, the ruler of Gauda. He considered Shashanka his enemy and sent his army to attack the Gauda Kingdom. However, the invasion was not entirely successful as Shashanka and his army could not be defeated completely. Later, Harsha formed an alliance with King Bhaskaravarma of Kamrup and together they defeated Shashanka and accomplished their vengeance.
Question 4. What was the first action taken by King Harshavardhan after his coronation, and who helped him in this task?
Answer – After his coronation, King Harshavardhan's first action was to find his sister Rajyashri, who had fled and sought refuge in the forests of Vidyanchal. He successfully located her with the assistance of a Buddhist monk named Divakaramitra.
Let's analyze:
Question 1. Harshavardhan succeeded in building a vast empire – argue and substantiate this statement.
Answer – The statement that Harshavardhan succeeded in building a vast empire can be supported as follows: Harshavardhan won almost every war he fought. He conquered and brought under his control the entire northern region of India. Harsha emerged victorious in battles against Shashanka, the ruler of Gauda, and also gained control over Gauda Pradesh. Similarly, he defeated King Vallabhi and established his dominance in Vallabhi. Harsha's victories extended to five territories, including Kamrup, Sind, Kashmir, Nepal, and Ganjam. He successfully expanded his rule to these regions and established his authority. Thus, Harshavardhan's military campaigns and conquests demonstrate that he indeed built a vast empire.
Question 2. What were the sources of income and expenditure in Harshavardhan's empire?
Answer –
Question 1. What is "Harshacharita," and who wrote it?
Answer: "Harshacharita" is a book or literary work, and it was written by Bฤแนabhaแนญแนญa.
Question 2. What was the first thing that King Harshavardhana did after his coronation? Who assisted him in this task?
Answer: After his coronation, King Harshavardhana first searched for his sister Rajyashri, who had fled to the forests of Vidyanchal. He found her with the help of a Buddhist monk named Divakaramitra.
Question 3. Describe the Ganjam victory.
Answer: Harsha's final victory was over Odisha. Initial attempts at conquest were not successful, but in 643 CE, he was victorious in Odisha. At that time, King Pulakeshin II had already passed away, who was Harsha's contemporary ruler. Harsha later donated 80 towns of Odisha to local Buddhist temples.
Question 4. How far did Harshavardhana's empire expand?
Answer: Harshavardhana's empire stretched from Kashmir in the north to the Vindhya Mountains in the south, from Kamrup in the east to the Arabian Sea in the west.
Question 5. What was the diet of the people during Harshavardhana's time?
Answer: During that time, people had a simple diet. They consumed wheat, rice, ghee, milk, yogurt, jaggery, sugar, mustard oil, and other essential foods. Onions and garlic were not used in their food, and some people were also non-vegetarian. Pulses, vegetables, and fruits were also a part of their diet.
Question 6. What were the special characteristics of King Harshavardhana's character?
Answer: Harsha's character and his achievements are described in the "Harshacharita," written by Banabhatta.
Skilled Administrator and Great Commander - He divided his empire into provinces and visited the villages to know the condition of his people. He won many northern Indian rulers with his army and military strategies.
People's Lover - He had great love for his subjects and spent a significant portion of his treasury on public welfare, including hospitals, rest houses, roads, bridges, education, and water management.
Family Lover - He had deep affection for his family. When his brother, Rajyavardhana, was betrayed and killed, Harsha sought revenge and also found his sister.
Great Philanthropist - Harsha was a generous donor. He used to donate a considerable amount of money every five years during the Prayag Sammelan.
Religious Tolerance - Initially, Harsha followed the Shaivite faith, but later he embraced Buddhism. Under his rule, people of all religions lived together peacefully.
Promoter of Buddhism - Harsha sent his emissaries to foreign countries for the propagation of Buddhism. He also donated lands to Nalanda University, where Buddhist education was imparted.
Protector of Scholars - Harsha gave patronage to many literary and Buddhist scholars in his court. Prominent scholars like Banabhatta, Divakar, Mayur, Jayasen, and Bhasa lived in his court.
Great Playwright, Patron of Art and Literature - Harsha himself was a playwright and a scholar. He wrote three plays, 'Ratnavali,' 'Nagananda,' and 'Priyadarshika.' He also supported Banabhatta, who wrote 'Harshacharita' and 'Kadambari.’
In Thanesar's kingdom, Rajyabhishek (606 CE – 647 CE): After the death of his elder brother, Harshavardhana was coronated as the king of Thanesar at the age of sixteen, with the advice of his Prime Minister Bhandi. The first capital of Emperor Harshavardhana's kingdom was Thanesar, situated on the banks of the river Saraswati.
Acquisition of Kannauj: After the coronation, Harshavardhana took revenge on his enemies. His sister Rajyashri had fled from the enemy and sought refuge in the forests of Vidyanachal. Harsha located her with the help of Buddhist monk Divakaramitra. In the face of repeated attacks, Rajyashri pleaded with Harsha to move the capital from Thanesar to Kannauj. Harsha eventually acceded to her request, and in doing so, Kannauj was declared his new capital.
Harshavardhana's Major Victories:
1. Conquest of Gauda: King Shashanka of Gauda was Harsha's biggest enemy. He followed the Shaivite sect and opposed Buddhism strongly. Harsha sent Bhandi with an army to attack Gauda, but the campaign was not entirely successful. Later, Harsha made a treaty with King Bhaskaravarma of Kamrup and defeated Shashanka comprehensively.
2. Victories in Five Provinces: According to Hwui Shan, Harshavardhana continuously waged war against the rulers of five provinces during the initial six years of his reign and achieved victories. These five regions were Punjab, Kannauj, Bihar, Bengal, and Odisha.
3. Conquest of Vallabhi: In 630 CE, Harshavardhana launched an attack on Vallabhi (Gujarat) with a large army. The ruler of Vallabhi, King Dhruvasena II, was defeated, and Harsha established his dominance. Later, Dhruvasena II was restored to power with the help of Dadda II, the ruler of Broach. As a gesture of goodwill, Harsha married his daughter to Dhruvasena II.
4. Conquest of Kamrup: Harshavardhana defeated the ruler of Kamrup, Bhaskaravarma, and annexed his kingdom under his own rule. Bhaskaravarma initially accepted Harsha's sovereignty.
5. Conquest of Sindh: Prabhakaravardhan had earlier conquered Sindh, but after his death, Sindh regained its independence. Harshavardhana launched a second invasion and recaptured the region. He took the sacred tooth of Lord Buddha from there and established it in the vihara at Kannauj.
6. Victory in Ganjam: Harsha's last conquest was Odisha. Initial invasions were not successful, but in 643 CE, he achieved victory. During this time, Pulakeshin II of Chalukya dynasty had passed away, making Harsha's conquest easier. Harsha made an offering of eighty nagaras (towns) in Odisha to local Buddhist monasteries as donations.
Harsha's Empire
Harsha's Empire - Harsha established a vast empire with the strength of his army, which extended from Kashmir in the north to the Vindhyachal range in the south, and from Kamrup in the east to the Arabian Sea in the west.
Foreign Relations - Harsha maintained good relations with foreign countries. There was trade with foreign nations, and pilgrims from various regions visited India. The famous Chinese traveler, Hsuan Tsang, also came to India during the reign of Harsha and stayed in his court for eight years. Hsuan Tsang is known as the "Prince of Pilgrims.”
War with Pulakeshin II - Pulakeshin II was a powerful ruler of South India, and Harsha was a powerful ruler of North India. In 633 AD, they fought a war on the banks of the Narmada River, in which Harsha was defeated.
Administrative System of Harsha -
Harsha established a hierarchical administrative system in his empire. The king (Harsha) was the supreme authority of the state. After that, various ministerial posts were given to capable individuals. It was mandatory for the ministers to have military skills because any minister could be sent on military campaigns. The distribution of ministers was as follows:
1. Pradhanamantri (Chief Advisor to the King)
2. Mahasandhivigrahadhikrit (Minister of War and Peace)
3. Mahabalahikrit (Commander-in-Chief)
4. Mahapratihara (Minister of Palace Security)
5. Ashtapatalika (Finance Officer)
Provincial Administration - Harsha divided his empire into provinces and entrusted them to feudal lords and great feudal lords who accepted Harsha's suzerainty. The feudal lords ruling the provinces were indirectly responsible to the king. The head of the provinces was called "Uparika Kumaramatya."
Local Administration - Bhuktis (provinces) were further divided into Vishayas, and these were subdivided into Bhoga. The lowest unit of administration was the village (Gram), and the head of the village was called "Gramika" or "Pradhan."
Revenue System -
Income - The main source of income was land revenue, which constituted one-sixth of the total produce, known as "Bhaga" or "Udrang." The king also received voluntary gifts from the people, known as "Bali." Other sources of income included tolls, sales taxes, forest taxes, etc.
Expenditure - Harsha allocated his income to five categories: donations, public welfare activities, salaries to officials, military expenses, and expenses on royal family and maintenance.
Social and Economic System -
Caste System - Society during Harsha's time was divided into four main varnas: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Brahmins were responsible for providing education and performing religious rituals, Kshatriyas for defense, Vaishyas for trade and commerce, and Shudras for serving others.
Marriage - Inter-caste marriages were accepted during that time, and over time, Anuloma and Pratiloma marriages were also gradually accepted. Polygamy was prevalent.
High Moral Values - People during this period emphasized honesty and duty, and guests were considered equivalent to gods.
Housing - Cities were planned with protective walls around them. Palaces and multi-story buildings were constructed using stones and baked bricks.
Diet - People during this time consumed simple meals, including wheat, rice, ghee, milk, curd, jaggery, and mustard oil. Onions and garlic were not used, and some people were non-vegetarians.
Economic System - Agriculture was the main livelihood of people during this time. Some cities, like Thanesar, Ujjain, and Kannauj, prospered as centers of trade. Industries such as textile, leather, pottery, and metalwork were prominent.
Character of Harsha -
Harsha's character and his achievements are described in the "Harshacharita," written by Banabhatta.
Skilled Administrator and Great Commander - He divided his empire into provinces and visited the villages to know the condition of his people. He won many northern Indian rulers with his army and military strategies.
People's Lover - He had great love for his subjects and spent a significant portion of his treasury on public welfare, including hospitals, rest houses, roads, bridges, education, and water management.
Family Lover - He had deep affection for his family. When his brother, Rajyavardhana, was betrayed and killed, Harsha sought revenge and also found his sister.
Great Philanthropist - Harsha was a generous donor. He used to donate a considerable amount of money every five years during the Prayag Sammelan.
Religious Tolerance - Initially, Harsha followed the Shaivite faith, but later he embraced Buddhism. Under his rule, people of all religions lived together peacefully.
Promoter of Buddhism - Harsha sent his emissaries to foreign countries for the propagation of Buddhism. He also donated lands to Nalanda University, where Buddhist education was imparted.
Protector of Scholars - Harsha gave patronage to many literary and Buddhist scholars in his court. Prominent scholars like Banabhatta, Divakar, Mayur, Jayasen, and Bhasa lived in his court.
Great Playwright, Patron of Art and Literature - Harsha himself was a playwright and a scholar. He wrote three plays, 'Ratnavali,' 'Nagananda,' and 'Priyadarshika.' He also supported Banabhatta, who wrote 'Harshacharita' and 'Kadambari.'
Hsuan Tsang's Description of Harsha -
Hsuan Tsang was a Chinese traveler who came to India during Harsha's reign around 629 AD and stayed in his court for about eight years. After traveling in South India, he returned to China in 644 AD. Hsuan Tsang wrote an account of his travels, which is known as the "Si-yu-ki" or "Records of the Western Countries." In this account, he provided details about Harsha, his administration, and the society of that time.
Hsuan Tsang’s Route
Question Answer
Choose the correct answers:
1. After the downfall of the Gupta Empire, which dynasty was established?
(a) Chalukya
(b) Maurya
(c) Pushyabhuti
(d) Rajput
Answer - (c) Pushyabhuti
2. Who was the court poet of King Harsha?
(a) Tulsidas
(b) Banabhatta
(c) Surdas
(d) Ras Khan
Answer - (b) Banabhatta
3. The Sanskrit drama 'Nagananda' was composed by which ruler?
(a) Prabhakaravardhan
(b) Harshavardhan
(c) Rajyavardhan
(d) Nasvrdhan
Answer - (b) Harshavardhan
4. Who stopped Emperor Harsha's southward expansion on the Narmada River?
(a) Pulakeshin I
(b) Pulakeshin II
(c) Vikramaditya I
(d) Vikramaditya II
Answer - (b) Pulakeshin II
5. Which ruler of Bengal was contemporary to Harsha?
(a) Shashanka
(b) Dhruva Sena
(c) Pulakeshin I
(d) Bhaskaravarma
Answer - (a) Shashanka
Fill in the blanks:
1. Pushyabhuti established the ________ dynasty in Thanesar.
2. Prabhakaravardhan married his daughter to the powerful King ________ of Kannauj.
3. Harsha found his sister with the help of a Buddhist monk named ________.
4. Harshavardhan was born in ________.
5. Banabhatt composed works like ________ and ________.
Answers -
1. Pushyabhuti
2. Grahavarman Maukhari
3. Divakaramitra
4. 590 E.M.
5. Harshacharit, Kadambari
Match correctly:
1. Kadambari (a) Given as a gift
2. Nalanda Vishwavidyalaya (b) Land tax
3. Bhag (c) Kumaragupta
Choose the correct answers:
1. After the downfall of the Gupta Empire, which dynasty was established?
(a) Chalukya
(b) Maurya
(c) Pushyabhuti
(d) Rajput
Answer - (c) Pushyabhuti
2. Who was the court poet of King Harsha?
(a) Tulsidas
(b) Banabhatta
(c) Surdas
(d) Ras Khan
Answer - (b) Banabhatta
3. The Sanskrit drama 'Nagananda' was composed by which ruler?
(a) Prabhakaravardhan
(b) Harshavardhan
(c) Rajyavardhan
(d) Nasvrdhan
Answer - (b) Harshavardhan
4. Who stopped Emperor Harsha's southward expansion on the Narmada River?
(a) Pulakeshin I
(b) Pulakeshin II
(c) Vikramaditya I
(d) Vikramaditya II
Answer - (b) Pulakeshin II
5. Which ruler of Bengal was contemporary to Harsha?
(a) Shashanka
(b) Dhruva Sena
(c) Pulakeshin I
(d) Bhaskaravarma
Answer - (a) Shashanka
Fill in the blanks:
1. Pushyabhuti established the ________ dynasty in Thanesar.
2. Prabhakaravardhan married his daughter to the powerful King ________ of Kannauj.
3. Harsha found his sister with the help of a Buddhist monk named ________.
4. Harshavardhan was born in ________.
5. Banabhatt composed works like ________ and ________.
Answers -
1. Pushyabhuti
2. Grahavarman Maukhari
3. Divakaramitra
4. 590 E.M.
5. Harshacharit, Kadambari
Match correctly:
1. Kadambari (a) Given as a gift
2. Nalanda Vishwavidyalaya (b) Land tax
3. Bhag (c) Kumaragupta
4. Bali (d) Leading an army
5. Katuk (e) Banabhatta
Answers -
1. Kadambari (e) Banabhatta
2. Nalanda Vishwavidyalaya (c) Kumaragupta
3. Bhag (b) Land tax
3. Bhag (b) Land tax
4. Bali (a) Given as a gift
5. Katuk (d) Leading an army
Put the sign of correct (✓) or wrong (X) against the following statements:
1. Prabhakaravardhan was the son of King Adityavardhan and Queen Mahasen Gupta. (✓)
2. King Shashanka of Gauda or Karnataka was Harsha's biggest enemy. (X)
3. Mahasandhi Vigrahadhit Harsha was the war and peace minister. (✓)
4. There were 10,000 students and 5,000 teachers working in Nalanda Vishwavidyalaya. (X)
5. Huen Tsang studied at Nalanda Vishwavidyalaya for 5 years. (X)
Short Answer:
Question 1. What is "Harshacharit," and who wrote it?
Answer – "Harshacharit" is a literary work written by Banabhatta.
Question 2. What are the sources of information about Harshavardhan's reign?
Answer – Information about Harshavardhan's reign is available from the literary works "Harshacharit" by Banabhatta and the travelogue "Si-Yu-Ki" written by Hwui Seng.
Question 3. What was Harshavardhan's intention to conquer the Gauda Kingdom?
Answer – Harshavardhan sought to avenge the death of his sister, Rajyashri, who was imprisoned and killed by Shashanka, the ruler of Gauda. He considered Shashanka his enemy and sent his army to attack the Gauda Kingdom. However, the invasion was not entirely successful as Shashanka and his army could not be defeated completely. Later, Harsha formed an alliance with King Bhaskaravarma of Kamrup and together they defeated Shashanka and accomplished their vengeance.
Question 4. What was the first action taken by King Harshavardhan after his coronation, and who helped him in this task?
Answer – After his coronation, King Harshavardhan's first action was to find his sister Rajyashri, who had fled and sought refuge in the forests of Vidyanchal. He successfully located her with the assistance of a Buddhist monk named Divakaramitra.
Let's analyze:
Question 1. Harshavardhan succeeded in building a vast empire – argue and substantiate this statement.
Answer – The statement that Harshavardhan succeeded in building a vast empire can be supported as follows: Harshavardhan won almost every war he fought. He conquered and brought under his control the entire northern region of India. Harsha emerged victorious in battles against Shashanka, the ruler of Gauda, and also gained control over Gauda Pradesh. Similarly, he defeated King Vallabhi and established his dominance in Vallabhi. Harsha's victories extended to five territories, including Kamrup, Sind, Kashmir, Nepal, and Ganjam. He successfully expanded his rule to these regions and established his authority. Thus, Harshavardhan's military campaigns and conquests demonstrate that he indeed built a vast empire.
Question 2. What were the sources of income and expenditure in Harshavardhan's empire?
Answer –
Sources of income:
The main source of income was Bhurajswa, a tax collected as one-sixth of the total produce. It was also known as "Bhag" or "Udrang." Besides, the king received gifts, known as "Bali," from the people voluntarily. There were other taxes, such as Chungi Kar, Brikri Kar, Van Kar, etc.
Expenditure:
Harshavardhan used the income for various purposes:
1. Providing for the welfare of his subjects, including healthcare, rest houses, roads, bridges, and education.
2. Paying salaries to his army, from generals to common soldiers.
3. Maintaining the defense, including weapons, armor, horses, and elephants.
4. Taking care of his royal family and maintaining the palaces and infrastructure.
Question 3. What was Harshavardhan's contribution to the field of education? Provide examples.
Answer – Harshavardhan was a great patron of education. His reign was known for promoting learning and the arts. His contributions to the field of education include:
1. Nalanda University: Harshavardhan funded and supported Nalanda University, which was renowned for its scholars and was one of the leading centers of learning during his time.
2. Patronage of Scholars: Harsha had a distinguished court filled with literary and Buddhist scholars, poets, and thinkers. Prominent personalities like Banabhatta, Divakar, Mayur, Jayasen, and Bhasa found a place in his court.
3. Awards and Prizes: Harsha rewarded scholars by sharing a quarter of the kingdom's income with them. He encouraged learning and honored scholarly achievements.
4. Literary Works: Harsha himself was a playwright and writer. He composed three plays - "Ratnavali," "Nagananda," and "Priyadarshika."
Question 4. "King Harshavardhan was a great patron of scholars, arts, and literature" – Do you agree with this statement? Substantiate your answer with reasoning.
Answer – Yes, I agree with the statement that King Harshavardhan was a great patron of scholars, arts, and literature. This can be substantiated as follows:
1. Support for Nalanda University: Harshavardhan provided generous support to Nalanda University, which was a major center of learning during his reign. He contributed funds and resources to ensure the growth and development of the institution.
2. Promoting Scholars: Harsha's court was renowned for its scholars, poets, and thinkers. He welcomed learned individuals from different backgrounds, fostering an environment of intellectual growth.
3. Rewarding Scholarly Achievements: Harsha recognized and rewarded scholars by sharing a portion of the kingdom's income with them. This act encouraged learning and attracted talented minds to his court.
4. Literary Contributions: Harsha himself was a skilled playwright and author. He composed three significant plays, showcasing his literary talents and further promoting the arts.
In conclusion, King Harshavardhan's patronage of scholars, arts, and literature was evident through his support to educational institutions, fostering a vibrant intellectual environment, rewarding scholarly achievements, and contributing to the literary landscape. His reign was marked by a flourishing cultural and intellectual atmosphere, making him a great promoter of knowledge and learning.
Question 5. What were the main victories of Harshavardhana? Describe any two.
Answer:
The main source of income was Bhurajswa, a tax collected as one-sixth of the total produce. It was also known as "Bhag" or "Udrang." Besides, the king received gifts, known as "Bali," from the people voluntarily. There were other taxes, such as Chungi Kar, Brikri Kar, Van Kar, etc.
Expenditure:
Harshavardhan used the income for various purposes:
1. Providing for the welfare of his subjects, including healthcare, rest houses, roads, bridges, and education.
2. Paying salaries to his army, from generals to common soldiers.
3. Maintaining the defense, including weapons, armor, horses, and elephants.
4. Taking care of his royal family and maintaining the palaces and infrastructure.
Question 3. What was Harshavardhan's contribution to the field of education? Provide examples.
Answer – Harshavardhan was a great patron of education. His reign was known for promoting learning and the arts. His contributions to the field of education include:
1. Nalanda University: Harshavardhan funded and supported Nalanda University, which was renowned for its scholars and was one of the leading centers of learning during his time.
2. Patronage of Scholars: Harsha had a distinguished court filled with literary and Buddhist scholars, poets, and thinkers. Prominent personalities like Banabhatta, Divakar, Mayur, Jayasen, and Bhasa found a place in his court.
3. Awards and Prizes: Harsha rewarded scholars by sharing a quarter of the kingdom's income with them. He encouraged learning and honored scholarly achievements.
4. Literary Works: Harsha himself was a playwright and writer. He composed three plays - "Ratnavali," "Nagananda," and "Priyadarshika."
Question 4. "King Harshavardhan was a great patron of scholars, arts, and literature" – Do you agree with this statement? Substantiate your answer with reasoning.
Answer – Yes, I agree with the statement that King Harshavardhan was a great patron of scholars, arts, and literature. This can be substantiated as follows:
1. Support for Nalanda University: Harshavardhan provided generous support to Nalanda University, which was a major center of learning during his reign. He contributed funds and resources to ensure the growth and development of the institution.
2. Promoting Scholars: Harsha's court was renowned for its scholars, poets, and thinkers. He welcomed learned individuals from different backgrounds, fostering an environment of intellectual growth.
3. Rewarding Scholarly Achievements: Harsha recognized and rewarded scholars by sharing a portion of the kingdom's income with them. This act encouraged learning and attracted talented minds to his court.
4. Literary Contributions: Harsha himself was a skilled playwright and author. He composed three significant plays, showcasing his literary talents and further promoting the arts.
In conclusion, King Harshavardhan's patronage of scholars, arts, and literature was evident through his support to educational institutions, fostering a vibrant intellectual environment, rewarding scholarly achievements, and contributing to the literary landscape. His reign was marked by a flourishing cultural and intellectual atmosphere, making him a great promoter of knowledge and learning.
Question 5. What were the main victories of Harshavardhana? Describe any two.
Answer:
Main victories of Harshavardhana:
- Conquest of Gauda
- Victories in Five Provinces
- Conquest of Vallabhi
- Conquest of Kamrup
- Conquest of Sindh
- Victory in Ganjam
- Victory in Nepal
- Victory in Kashmir
1. Victory over Gauda Pradesh: The ruler of Gauda Pradesh, King Shashanka, was one of the biggest adversaries of Harshavardhana. He followed the Shaivite sect and was a staunch opponent of the Buddhist faith. Harsha sent his general Bhandi with an army to invade Gauda, but they were not completely successful. Later, Harsha defeated Shashanka decisively after forming an alliance with King Bhaskaravarman of Kamrupa.
2. Victory over Vallabhi: During Harshavardhana's reign, Vallabhi was a powerful and prosperous kingdom. In 630 CE, Harshavardhana launched a massive military campaign against Vallabhi. In the ensuing battle, the army of King Dhruvasena II of Vallabhi was defeated, and Dhruvasena fled the battlefield. Subsequently, the ruler of Bhadrauca (modern-day Bharuch), King Dadda II, mediated a peace treaty between Harsha and Dhruvasena, and the latter accepted Harsha's suzerainty.
Question 6. What were the social and economic systems during Harshavardhana's empire? Analyze.
Answer:
Social System:
Caste System: The society during that time was divided into four major varnas (castes) - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were responsible for imparting education and performing religious ceremonies, Kshatriyas were warriors and defenders, Vaishyas engaged in trade and commerce, and Shudras served the other three varnas.
2. Victory over Vallabhi: During Harshavardhana's reign, Vallabhi was a powerful and prosperous kingdom. In 630 CE, Harshavardhana launched a massive military campaign against Vallabhi. In the ensuing battle, the army of King Dhruvasena II of Vallabhi was defeated, and Dhruvasena fled the battlefield. Subsequently, the ruler of Bhadrauca (modern-day Bharuch), King Dadda II, mediated a peace treaty between Harsha and Dhruvasena, and the latter accepted Harsha's suzerainty.
Question 6. What were the social and economic systems during Harshavardhana's empire? Analyze.
Answer:
Social System:
Caste System: The society during that time was divided into four major varnas (castes) - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were responsible for imparting education and performing religious ceremonies, Kshatriyas were warriors and defenders, Vaishyas engaged in trade and commerce, and Shudras served the other three varnas.
Marriage: Inter-caste marriages were accepted in the society. Polygamy was prevalent, and the practice of polyandry was also known.
High Moral Standards: The people of that time emphasized honesty, integrity, and duty, and they treated guests with great respect, considering them as representatives of the divine.
Housing: Cities were planned and constructed with fortified walls for security. Multistoried buildings were common, and houses were made of stones and baked bricks.
Housing: Cities were planned and constructed with fortified walls for security. Multistoried buildings were common, and houses were made of stones and baked bricks.
Food: The staple diet consisted of wheat, rice, ghee (clarified butter), milk, yogurt, jaggery (unrefined sugar), and mustard oil.
Economic System:
Agriculture: The main source of livelihood for people was agriculture. Crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane were cultivated. Fruits like apples and grapes were also grown.
Trade: Some cities like Thanesar, Ujjain, and Kannauj became famous centers for trade and commerce. Key industries included textiles, leather, pottery, and metalwork.
Overall, Harshavardhana's empire had a well-organized social structure based on the caste system, and the economy relied heavily on agriculture and trade, contributing to the prosperity and stability of the empire.
Important Question Answer
Economic System:
Agriculture: The main source of livelihood for people was agriculture. Crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane were cultivated. Fruits like apples and grapes were also grown.
Trade: Some cities like Thanesar, Ujjain, and Kannauj became famous centers for trade and commerce. Key industries included textiles, leather, pottery, and metalwork.
Overall, Harshavardhana's empire had a well-organized social structure based on the caste system, and the economy relied heavily on agriculture and trade, contributing to the prosperity and stability of the empire.
Important Question Answer
Question 1. What is "Harshacharita," and who wrote it?
Answer: "Harshacharita" is a book or literary work, and it was written by Bฤแนabhaแนญแนญa.
Question 2. What was the first thing that King Harshavardhana did after his coronation? Who assisted him in this task?
Answer: After his coronation, King Harshavardhana first searched for his sister Rajyashri, who had fled to the forests of Vidyanchal. He found her with the help of a Buddhist monk named Divakaramitra.
Question 3. Describe the Ganjam victory.
Answer: Harsha's final victory was over Odisha. Initial attempts at conquest were not successful, but in 643 CE, he was victorious in Odisha. At that time, King Pulakeshin II had already passed away, who was Harsha's contemporary ruler. Harsha later donated 80 towns of Odisha to local Buddhist temples.
Question 4. How far did Harshavardhana's empire expand?
Answer: Harshavardhana's empire stretched from Kashmir in the north to the Vindhya Mountains in the south, from Kamrup in the east to the Arabian Sea in the west.
Question 5. What was the diet of the people during Harshavardhana's time?
Answer: During that time, people had a simple diet. They consumed wheat, rice, ghee, milk, yogurt, jaggery, sugar, mustard oil, and other essential foods. Onions and garlic were not used in their food, and some people were also non-vegetarian. Pulses, vegetables, and fruits were also a part of their diet.
Question 6. What were the special characteristics of King Harshavardhana's character?
Answer: Harsha's character and his achievements are described in the "Harshacharita," written by Banabhatta.
Skilled Administrator and Great Commander - He divided his empire into provinces and visited the villages to know the condition of his people. He won many northern Indian rulers with his army and military strategies.
People's Lover - He had great love for his subjects and spent a significant portion of his treasury on public welfare, including hospitals, rest houses, roads, bridges, education, and water management.
Family Lover - He had deep affection for his family. When his brother, Rajyavardhana, was betrayed and killed, Harsha sought revenge and also found his sister.
Great Philanthropist - Harsha was a generous donor. He used to donate a considerable amount of money every five years during the Prayag Sammelan.
Religious Tolerance - Initially, Harsha followed the Shaivite faith, but later he embraced Buddhism. Under his rule, people of all religions lived together peacefully.
Promoter of Buddhism - Harsha sent his emissaries to foreign countries for the propagation of Buddhism. He also donated lands to Nalanda University, where Buddhist education was imparted.
Protector of Scholars - Harsha gave patronage to many literary and Buddhist scholars in his court. Prominent scholars like Banabhatta, Divakar, Mayur, Jayasen, and Bhasa lived in his court.
Great Playwright, Patron of Art and Literature - Harsha himself was a playwright and a scholar. He wrote three plays, 'Ratnavali,' 'Nagananda,' and 'Priyadarshika.' He also supported Banabhatta, who wrote 'Harshacharita' and 'Kadambari.’
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