Class 07 History Chapter 3 Tripartite Struggle: Palas, Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas
Chapter Notes
After the death of Harshavardhan, the political unity of India ended. In place of the great empire, small kingdoms emerged. Many dominant political powers emerged in this era, these powers tried to establish their huge empire in northern India. Three powers were prominent in this effort – Pala, Pratihara and Rashtrakutas.
Tripartite Struggle – The struggle between the three powers namely Pal, Pratihara and Rashtrakutas to control northern India, especially Kannauj, for about two centuries is called the Tripartite Struggle.
Why the struggle for Kannauj? Harshavardhana had given Kannauj a place of pride by making it the capital of his empire.
It was the biggest cultural center of northern India.
This region was very fertile and commercially important. That's why the one who got Kannauj could get immense wealth from here.
The kings of that time were of the view that a king could claim his supremacy over the vast fertile region of North India only by capturing Kannauj.
For this reason, Kannauj was a very important state from political, cultural and economic aspects.
The triangular struggle for Kannauj started in 780 AD during the time of King Dharmapala of Pala dynasty. Dharmapala was a powerful ruler of the Pala dynasty. He wanted to expand his empire by capturing Kannauj. But King Vatsaraj of the Pratihara dynasty defeated Dharmapala in a battle between the Ganga-Yamuna doab. But at the same time, the great king Dhruva of Rashtrakuta attacked Vatsaraj with the aim of taking Kannauj under his control and chased him away, then he also defeated Dharmapala in the battle. Thus began a triangular struggle for the empire between the Palas, the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas.
The Rashtrakuta king Dhruva had not yet consolidated his position in Kannauj when he had to return because of the difficulties that had arisen in his kingdom for the throne. Taking advantage of this situation, Dharmapala again moved towards Kannauj with his soldiers. His soldiers defeated Indrayuddha and captured Kannauj. Dharampal now established the Chakrayudha on Kannauj under his suzerainty.
After the death of Vatsaraja, Nagabhatta II became the new ruler of the Pratihara dynasty. He defeated the Chakra war and captured Kannauj. For this reason Dharmapala had to fight with Nagabhatta II. Dharmapala was defeated in this war in Munger (Bihar).
On the call of Dharmapala, the Rashtrakuta ruler Govind III, who was the successor of Dhruva, advanced towards Kannauj. He defeated Nagabhatta in a battle and captured Kannauj, but soon Nagabhatta II recaptured Kannauj.
During the time of Ramabhadra, the weak successor of Nagabhata II, the ruler of the Pala dynasty, Devapala, took Kannauj under his authority. After Rambhadra, Mihirbhoj became the new ruler of the Pratihara dynasty. He was the most powerful ruler of the Pratihara dynasty. He conquered Kannauj from Devpal and made it his capital. After that, Kannauj remained the capital of most of the Pratihara rulers, but the influence of Pala and Rashtrakuta rulers also remained on it.
Rashtrakutas –
The Pala dynasty was one of the famous dynasties established in northern India in the eighth century. The rulers of this dynasty ruled Bengal for four hundred years. The main rulers of this dynasty and their contribution are as follows:
Gopal is considered the first ruler of this dynasty. He became the ruler in 750 AD by ending the anarchy that spread after Shashank's death in 647 AD. He not only united the whole of Bengal but also established peace by removing the disorder spread there. As a result, Bengal again became a united and prosperous state during his time. Other prominent rulers of this dynasty were Dharmapala, Devpala, Narayan Pal etc. All the successors of Narayan Pal turned out to be weak. As a result, the Pal dynasty rapidly declined. Finally, in 1197 AD, the general of Muhammad Ghori completely destroyed the Pal dynasty.
Contribution of Pal dynasty
The Pal rulers were successful in bringing peace and prosperity by uniting the whole of Bengal during their reign. By declaring Buddhism as the state religion, the Pal rulers built many viharas, monasteries and temples in Bengal and Bihar. Unfortunately, many buildings were destroyed by the Muslim invaders.
Apart from the buildings, the Pala rulers also got many ponds and lakes constructed in their kingdom.
In his time, there was amazing progress in the fields of sculpture and painting. Among the sculptures made during this period, the sculptures made of Mahatma Buddha are especially very attractive. These idols are made of black stone and bronze.
The Pala rulers were great patrons of education and literature. For the spread of education, he established educational institutions in Sompuri, Vikramshila and Udantapuri.
Apart from these, by giving financial assistance to Nalanda University, it further increased its respect. A large number of students used to come to these universities not only from different regions of the country but also from abroad (China, Burma, Thailand, Sri Lanka and countries of South-East Asia) to get education. For this reason, where there was a surprising increase in the spread of education, Indian culture also got an opportunity to spread abroad. Along with this, the development of Sanskrit literature also continued.
Sandhyakaranandi, Chakrapani, Madhava and Jimutavahana were the most famous scholars of this period. Sandhyakaranandi composed 'Ramcharit', Chakrapani 'Chakradoot', Madhav 'Rog Nidan' and Jimutavahana composed famous books called 'Kala Vivek' and 'Vyavahar Matrak'.
In the kingdom of Palas, there used to be units of one and ten villages each under Grampatis and Dashagramikas respectively for collecting revenue. In the titular system, an officer appointed by the king administered the subordinate region directly under the control of the centre. Under the Palas, there was a plurality of state employees. Which is visible under the feudal state system. Under the Pala rule, the feudatories used to provide financial and military assistance from time to time. In this way, Bengal and North India achieved special achievements in political unity as well as in the cultural field during the 400-year rule of the Palas.
Gurjar-Pratihar
Pratihar dynasty is counted among the famous dynasties of Rajputs. Some scholars believe that they were Brahmins, who later became Kshatriyas, however Gurjara-Pratiharas were powerful rulers and they belonged to the Gurjara clan of Rajasthan, due to which they are called Gurjara-Pratiharas. According to Chandbardai, they originated from Agnikund. There were many branches of Gurjara-Pratiharas, among them the rulers of the Ujjain branch were prominent. He only participated in the tripartite struggle.
According to the Gwalior Prashasti, Nagabhatta I defeated the army of Arabs.
3 branches of Gurjar Pratiharas –
Dantidurga was the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. He established this dynasty in 742 AD. He established the Rashtrakuta kingdom by conquering the states of Kanchi, Kaushal and Malwa etc. In AD 752-753, he defeated the Chalukya ruler Kirtivarman II and took entire Maharashtra under his authority. After this important victory, Dantidurga assumed the title of 'Maharajadhiraj'.
Krishna I and Govind II: After the death of Dantidurga in 756 AD, his uncle Krishna I sat on the throne. He completed the work started by Dantidurga. He completely suppressed the Chalukya power. He defeated the Ganga ruler and took over their territories. The Kailash temple built by him in memory of Shiva at Ellora presents a direct example of his fine art. After the death of Krishna I in 773 AD, his son Govind II sat on the throne. He proved to be a very inept ruler. That's why his younger brother Dhruva removed him from the throne and declared himself as the king.
Dhruva: With the accession of Dhruva to the throne, a new era in the history of the Rashtrakutas began, by first defeating the Ganga, Pallava, Vengi and Malava kingdoms of the south and annexing many of their territories. After that he turned his attention to North India and by defeating Pratihara ruler Vatsaraj and Pala ruler Dharmapala took over many of their territories. Dhruva was undoubtedly one of the ablest rulers of India. During his reign, the Rashtrakutas gained respect and glory.
Match :
Tripartite struggle Adi Varah
Buddhism Current Tehsil
South India Palas, Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas
Bhukti Pal dynasty
Mihirbhoj Rashtrakuta ruler
Answer -
Tripartite struggle Palas, Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas
Buddhism Pal dynasty
South India Rashtrakuta ruler
Bhukti Current Tehsil
Mihirbhoj Adi Varah
Answer – Yes, I agree with the statement that the Rashtrakuta dynasty had created an efficient governance system. Whose description is as follows - The governance system of the Rashtrakuta rulers was of very high quality. To resolve disputes regarding succession, rulers often appointed their eldest son as crown prince.
For the efficiency of the administrative system, the empire was divided into Rashtras (provinces), subjects and bhuktis.
Koshtpal or Kotwal was responsible for maintaining law and order in the city and its surrounding areas.
The smallest unit of administration was the village. The head of the village who was called Gram Mahtar. Officers called Desh Gramkuts (Revenue Officers) were appointed for his cooperation.
The central government used to interfere very little in the governance of the villages. The tax burden on the people was very less.
The Rashtrakuta rulers arranged a powerful army for the protection and expansion of the empire. Recruitment in the army was done on the basis of merit.
Question 3. Make a comparative analysis of the contribution made by Gurjara-Pratihara and Pallava rulers in the field of art and architecture.
Answer – The Gurjara-Pratihara and Pallava kingdoms were great patrons of art, architecture and literature. Notable sculptures from the Gurjara Pratihara period include the Vishvarupa form of Vishnu and the marriage of Shiva and Parvati from Kannauj. Beautiful carvings can be seen on the walls of the temples standing at Osiya, Abhaneri and Kota (Rajasthan). The female figure named Surasundari displayed in the Gwalior Museum is one of the most attractive sculptures of Gurjara-Pratihara art. The Pallava rulers also installed the idols of Hindu deities like Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Lakshmi etc. in the temples. The Shiva Temple at Mahabalipuram, the Temple of the Five Pandavas and the Varaha Temple built by the Pallavas are the best examples of the art of this period.
Question 4. “Pal dynasty had an important contribution in education and literature.” Explain this statement with reason.
Answer – The Pala rulers were great patrons of education and literature. For the spread of education, he established educational institutions in Sompuri, Vikramshila and Udantapuri. Apart from these, by giving financial assistance to Nalanda University, it further increased its respect. A large number of students used to come to these universities not only from different regions of the country but also from abroad to get education. For this reason, where there was a surprising increase in the spread of education, Indian culture also got an opportunity to spread abroad. Along with this, the development of Sanskrit literature also continued.
Question 5. What were the results of the Kannauj struggle? Explain any four points.
Answer – The following were the results of the Kannauj struggle :-
Question 1. On the political map of India, mark the regions ruled by Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas and Palas and Kannauj.
Answer -
Imagine
Question 1. If you were a powerful and influential person at the time of tripartite struggle, what would you have done to end this struggle?
Answer – If I were a powerful and influential person at the time of tripartite conflict, I would have urged all the kings for war peace and would have advised to divide Kannauj peacefully among themselves.
Important Question Answer
Question 1. Describe the administrative system of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
Answer – The Rashtrakuta dynasty had created an efficient governance system. Whose description is as follows -
Answer – Rashtrakutas had divided the areas under their control into many nations (provinces). The head of state was called the 'President'. His main task was to maintain peace and order in the nation and collect land revenue.
After the death of Harshavardhan, the political unity of India ended. In place of the great empire, small kingdoms emerged. Many dominant political powers emerged in this era, these powers tried to establish their huge empire in northern India. Three powers were prominent in this effort – Pala, Pratihara and Rashtrakutas.
Tripartite Struggle – The struggle between the three powers namely Pal, Pratihara and Rashtrakutas to control northern India, especially Kannauj, for about two centuries is called the Tripartite Struggle.
Why the struggle for Kannauj? Harshavardhana had given Kannauj a place of pride by making it the capital of his empire.
It was the biggest cultural center of northern India.
This region was very fertile and commercially important. That's why the one who got Kannauj could get immense wealth from here.
The kings of that time were of the view that a king could claim his supremacy over the vast fertile region of North India only by capturing Kannauj.
For this reason, Kannauj was a very important state from political, cultural and economic aspects.
The triangular struggle for Kannauj started in 780 AD during the time of King Dharmapala of Pala dynasty. Dharmapala was a powerful ruler of the Pala dynasty. He wanted to expand his empire by capturing Kannauj. But King Vatsaraj of the Pratihara dynasty defeated Dharmapala in a battle between the Ganga-Yamuna doab. But at the same time, the great king Dhruva of Rashtrakuta attacked Vatsaraj with the aim of taking Kannauj under his control and chased him away, then he also defeated Dharmapala in the battle. Thus began a triangular struggle for the empire between the Palas, the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas.
The Rashtrakuta king Dhruva had not yet consolidated his position in Kannauj when he had to return because of the difficulties that had arisen in his kingdom for the throne. Taking advantage of this situation, Dharmapala again moved towards Kannauj with his soldiers. His soldiers defeated Indrayuddha and captured Kannauj. Dharampal now established the Chakrayudha on Kannauj under his suzerainty.
After the death of Vatsaraja, Nagabhatta II became the new ruler of the Pratihara dynasty. He defeated the Chakra war and captured Kannauj. For this reason Dharmapala had to fight with Nagabhatta II. Dharmapala was defeated in this war in Munger (Bihar).
On the call of Dharmapala, the Rashtrakuta ruler Govind III, who was the successor of Dhruva, advanced towards Kannauj. He defeated Nagabhatta in a battle and captured Kannauj, but soon Nagabhatta II recaptured Kannauj.
During the time of Ramabhadra, the weak successor of Nagabhata II, the ruler of the Pala dynasty, Devapala, took Kannauj under his authority. After Rambhadra, Mihirbhoj became the new ruler of the Pratihara dynasty. He was the most powerful ruler of the Pratihara dynasty. He conquered Kannauj from Devpal and made it his capital. After that, Kannauj remained the capital of most of the Pratihara rulers, but the influence of Pala and Rashtrakuta rulers also remained on it.
Rashtrakutas –
- Dhruva 780-793 AD.
- Govind III 793-814 AD
- Amoghavarsha 814-878 AD.
- Krishna 878-914 AD
- Vatsaraja 783-795 AD.
- Nagabhatta 795-833 AD.
- Rambhadra 833-836 AD.
- Mihirbhoj 836-889 AD.
- Mahendra Pal 890-910 AD
- Dharmapala 770-810 AD.
- Devpal 810-850 AD
- Vigrahapala 850-860 AD.
- Narayanpal 860-915 AD
The Pala dynasty was one of the famous dynasties established in northern India in the eighth century. The rulers of this dynasty ruled Bengal for four hundred years. The main rulers of this dynasty and their contribution are as follows:
Gopal is considered the first ruler of this dynasty. He became the ruler in 750 AD by ending the anarchy that spread after Shashank's death in 647 AD. He not only united the whole of Bengal but also established peace by removing the disorder spread there. As a result, Bengal again became a united and prosperous state during his time. Other prominent rulers of this dynasty were Dharmapala, Devpala, Narayan Pal etc. All the successors of Narayan Pal turned out to be weak. As a result, the Pal dynasty rapidly declined. Finally, in 1197 AD, the general of Muhammad Ghori completely destroyed the Pal dynasty.
Contribution of Pal dynasty
The Pal rulers were successful in bringing peace and prosperity by uniting the whole of Bengal during their reign. By declaring Buddhism as the state religion, the Pal rulers built many viharas, monasteries and temples in Bengal and Bihar. Unfortunately, many buildings were destroyed by the Muslim invaders.
Apart from the buildings, the Pala rulers also got many ponds and lakes constructed in their kingdom.
In his time, there was amazing progress in the fields of sculpture and painting. Among the sculptures made during this period, the sculptures made of Mahatma Buddha are especially very attractive. These idols are made of black stone and bronze.
The Pala rulers were great patrons of education and literature. For the spread of education, he established educational institutions in Sompuri, Vikramshila and Udantapuri.
Apart from these, by giving financial assistance to Nalanda University, it further increased its respect. A large number of students used to come to these universities not only from different regions of the country but also from abroad (China, Burma, Thailand, Sri Lanka and countries of South-East Asia) to get education. For this reason, where there was a surprising increase in the spread of education, Indian culture also got an opportunity to spread abroad. Along with this, the development of Sanskrit literature also continued.
Sandhyakaranandi, Chakrapani, Madhava and Jimutavahana were the most famous scholars of this period. Sandhyakaranandi composed 'Ramcharit', Chakrapani 'Chakradoot', Madhav 'Rog Nidan' and Jimutavahana composed famous books called 'Kala Vivek' and 'Vyavahar Matrak'.
In the kingdom of Palas, there used to be units of one and ten villages each under Grampatis and Dashagramikas respectively for collecting revenue. In the titular system, an officer appointed by the king administered the subordinate region directly under the control of the centre. Under the Palas, there was a plurality of state employees. Which is visible under the feudal state system. Under the Pala rule, the feudatories used to provide financial and military assistance from time to time. In this way, Bengal and North India achieved special achievements in political unity as well as in the cultural field during the 400-year rule of the Palas.
Gurjar-Pratihar
Pratihar dynasty is counted among the famous dynasties of Rajputs. Some scholars believe that they were Brahmins, who later became Kshatriyas, however Gurjara-Pratiharas were powerful rulers and they belonged to the Gurjara clan of Rajasthan, due to which they are called Gurjara-Pratiharas. According to Chandbardai, they originated from Agnikund. There were many branches of Gurjara-Pratiharas, among them the rulers of the Ujjain branch were prominent. He only participated in the tripartite struggle.
According to the Gwalior Prashasti, Nagabhatta I defeated the army of Arabs.
3 branches of Gurjar Pratiharas –
- Bhrigukachchh (Bharuch)
- Mandore (Rajasthan)
- Ujjain
Major rulers and their contributions Nagabhatta I established the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty in Ujjain and expanded the empire.
Vatsaraj, Nagabhatta II, Rambhadra, Mihirbhoj I became the greatest rulers of this dynasty. Who expanded the empire of Pratiharas over northern India by taking over Kannauj.
After Mihirbhoj, rulers like Mahipal, Mahendrapal II, Mahipal II, Vijaypal, Governor, Trilochanpal etc. ruled. These rulers turned out to be inept.
When Mahmud of Ghazni attacked Kannauj in 1018, the governor fled without a fight. Hence, Mahmud Ghazni looted heavily in Kannauj. The Rajputs could not bear this insult. They arrested and killed the governor and put his son Trilochan Pal on the throne.
Trilochan Pal ruled till 1027 AD. He has also failed to establish the pride of Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty. Therefore, with his death this great dynasty also came to an end.
Generally, the administration of the Pratihara state was run by the feudal people. Used to wear feudal titles. They used to provide financial and military help to the ruler from time to time. The feudal people lived with great pride. The forest and vacant land in the state were considered to belong to the feudatory only. In the state of Pratiharas, the rights of enjoyment of pasture land, fallow land and other lands were given to small feudal lords. At that time the practice of agricultural slavery was also prevalent.
Mihirbhoj was the most powerful ruler of the Pratihara dynasty. According to the Daulatpur inscription, he has been called 'Prabhas' and 'Adi Varahan' in the Gwalior inscription. He defeated the foreign invaders Hanas.
Vatsaraj, Nagabhatta II, Rambhadra, Mihirbhoj I became the greatest rulers of this dynasty. Who expanded the empire of Pratiharas over northern India by taking over Kannauj.
After Mihirbhoj, rulers like Mahipal, Mahendrapal II, Mahipal II, Vijaypal, Governor, Trilochanpal etc. ruled. These rulers turned out to be inept.
When Mahmud of Ghazni attacked Kannauj in 1018, the governor fled without a fight. Hence, Mahmud Ghazni looted heavily in Kannauj. The Rajputs could not bear this insult. They arrested and killed the governor and put his son Trilochan Pal on the throne.
Trilochan Pal ruled till 1027 AD. He has also failed to establish the pride of Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty. Therefore, with his death this great dynasty also came to an end.
Generally, the administration of the Pratihara state was run by the feudal people. Used to wear feudal titles. They used to provide financial and military help to the ruler from time to time. The feudal people lived with great pride. The forest and vacant land in the state were considered to belong to the feudatory only. In the state of Pratiharas, the rights of enjoyment of pasture land, fallow land and other lands were given to small feudal lords. At that time the practice of agricultural slavery was also prevalent.
Mihirbhoj was the most powerful ruler of the Pratihara dynasty. According to the Daulatpur inscription, he has been called 'Prabhas' and 'Adi Varahan' in the Gwalior inscription. He defeated the foreign invaders Hanas.
Contribution in the field of art and architecture
The Gurjara-Pratihara kingdom was a great patron of art, architecture and literature. Mihirbhoj was the most outstanding ruler of the dynasty. Notable sculptures from this period include the Vishvarupa form of Vishnu and the marriage of Shiva and Parvati from Kannauj. Beautiful carvings can be seen on the walls of the temples standing at Osiya, Abhaneri and Kota (Rajasthan). The female figure named Surasundari displayed in the Gwalior Museum is one of the most attractive sculptures of Gurjara-Pratihara art.
Rashtrakuta dynasty
The Rashtrakuta dynasty was one of the famous dynasties of the South. This dynasty ruled from 742 AD to 973 AD.
Fleet states that the Rashtrakutas were one of the Rathor clans of northern India. CV According to Vaidya, the Rashtrakutas were from the Maratha dynasty. Dr. Bhandarkar is of the opinion that the forefathers of the Rashtrakutas were governors of some nation (state), due to which their dynasty got its name Rashtrakutas. Information about many of their branches is available.
Main Branches of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty
The Gurjara-Pratihara kingdom was a great patron of art, architecture and literature. Mihirbhoj was the most outstanding ruler of the dynasty. Notable sculptures from this period include the Vishvarupa form of Vishnu and the marriage of Shiva and Parvati from Kannauj. Beautiful carvings can be seen on the walls of the temples standing at Osiya, Abhaneri and Kota (Rajasthan). The female figure named Surasundari displayed in the Gwalior Museum is one of the most attractive sculptures of Gurjara-Pratihara art.
Rashtrakuta dynasty
The Rashtrakuta dynasty was one of the famous dynasties of the South. This dynasty ruled from 742 AD to 973 AD.
Fleet states that the Rashtrakutas were one of the Rathor clans of northern India. CV According to Vaidya, the Rashtrakutas were from the Maratha dynasty. Dr. Bhandarkar is of the opinion that the forefathers of the Rashtrakutas were governors of some nation (state), due to which their dynasty got its name Rashtrakutas. Information about many of their branches is available.
Main Branches of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty
- Manyakhet Branch
- Manyur Branch
- Alichpur Branch
Dantidurga was the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. He established this dynasty in 742 AD. He established the Rashtrakuta kingdom by conquering the states of Kanchi, Kaushal and Malwa etc. In AD 752-753, he defeated the Chalukya ruler Kirtivarman II and took entire Maharashtra under his authority. After this important victory, Dantidurga assumed the title of 'Maharajadhiraj'.
Krishna I and Govind II: After the death of Dantidurga in 756 AD, his uncle Krishna I sat on the throne. He completed the work started by Dantidurga. He completely suppressed the Chalukya power. He defeated the Ganga ruler and took over their territories. The Kailash temple built by him in memory of Shiva at Ellora presents a direct example of his fine art. After the death of Krishna I in 773 AD, his son Govind II sat on the throne. He proved to be a very inept ruler. That's why his younger brother Dhruva removed him from the throne and declared himself as the king.
Dhruva: With the accession of Dhruva to the throne, a new era in the history of the Rashtrakutas began, by first defeating the Ganga, Pallava, Vengi and Malava kingdoms of the south and annexing many of their territories. After that he turned his attention to North India and by defeating Pratihara ruler Vatsaraj and Pala ruler Dharmapala took over many of their territories. Dhruva was undoubtedly one of the ablest rulers of India. During his reign, the Rashtrakutas gained respect and glory.
Indra III: who ruled from 915 AD to 927 AD was also a great warrior. He defeated the Paramara and Chalukya rulers. The most important success of his reign was the capture of Kannauj by defeating the Pratihara ruler Mahipala. As a result his respect increased greatly. The decline of the Rashtrakuta kingdom began after Indra III. Karka II was the last ruler of this dynasty. He was defeated by the Chalukya ruler Taila II in 973 AD and put an end to the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
The Rashtrakutas established a vast and glorious empire in South India. By his bravery, he brought the entire South India under his influence. Apart from this, he kept Kannauj, the famous center of northern India, under his control for a few years.
From 742 AD to 973 AD, the Rashtrakutas had a very important place in the history of South. In view of his success, his time is remembered as the Golden Age in the history of South India. In the south, the Rashtrakutas inflicted severe defeats on the Cholas, Pallavas and Chalukyas.
The administration of the Rashtrakuta rulers The administration of the Rashtrakuta rulers was of a very high order. To resolve disputes regarding succession, rulers often appointed their eldest son as crown prince.
For the efficiency of the administrative system, the empire was divided into Rashtras (provinces), subjects and bhuktis. Very capable and honest employees were appointed in these.
Koshtpal or Kotwal was responsible for maintaining law and order in the city and its surrounding areas.
The smallest unit of administration was the village. The head of the village who was called Gram Mahtar. Officers called Desh Gramkuts (Revenue Officers) were appointed for his cooperation.
The central government used to interfere very little in the governance of the villages. The tax burden on the people was very less.
The Rashtrakuta rulers arranged a powerful army for the protection and expansion of the empire. The total number of their soldiers was about five lakhs. Recruitment in the army was done on the basis of merit. With the help of this army, the Rashtrakuta rulers were able to achieve great victories.
King: The position of the king was the most important. The kingship was hereditary. Sometimes a capable person was also made ruler by ignoring the succession. They used to wear big titles. Like 'Parambhattaraka', 'Maharajadhiraj', 'Suvargavarsha' etc.
The Rashtrakuta rulers lived with opulence and splendor in the capital. They used to wear costly clothes and ornaments. His court was very grand. Samantas, ambassadors, ministers, poets, astrologers were regularly present in the Raj Sabha. Women were also present in the royal court.
Crown Prince: The Rashtrakuta rulers used to appoint the crown prince during their lifetime. The crown prince used to help his father in his administrative work. The prince also used to accompany his father in wars.
Council of Ministers: The Rashtrakuta rulers formed the Council of Ministers to run the administration smoothly. Most of the ministers were military officers. The post of ministers was mostly hereditary.
State System: Rashtrakutas had divided the areas under their control into many Rashtras (provinces). The head of state was called the 'President'. His main task was to maintain peace and order in the nation and collect land revenue.
Subject (District): The Rashtrakutas had divided their kingdom into 'Subject'. The chief officer of the subject was 'Vishayapati'. There were 1000 to 4000 villages in a subject. Their work also had to follow the orders of the President in the matter.
Management of Bhukti (Tehsil): The subjects were further divided into Bhuktis. The head of Bhukti was the Bhogapati. There were 50 to 70 villages in Bhukti.
Management of the city: The administration of the cities was operated under the autonomous system. The administration was run under the leadership of the mayor.
Religious Policy: The Rashtrakuta rulers believed in Hinduism. He built many temples related to Hindu deities. Krishna II had got the Jain temples built. There is evidence regarding the liberal and progressive views of the Rashtrakuta rulers.
The Rashtrakutas established a vast and glorious empire in South India. By his bravery, he brought the entire South India under his influence. Apart from this, he kept Kannauj, the famous center of northern India, under his control for a few years.
From 742 AD to 973 AD, the Rashtrakutas had a very important place in the history of South. In view of his success, his time is remembered as the Golden Age in the history of South India. In the south, the Rashtrakutas inflicted severe defeats on the Cholas, Pallavas and Chalukyas.
The administration of the Rashtrakuta rulers The administration of the Rashtrakuta rulers was of a very high order. To resolve disputes regarding succession, rulers often appointed their eldest son as crown prince.
For the efficiency of the administrative system, the empire was divided into Rashtras (provinces), subjects and bhuktis. Very capable and honest employees were appointed in these.
Koshtpal or Kotwal was responsible for maintaining law and order in the city and its surrounding areas.
The smallest unit of administration was the village. The head of the village who was called Gram Mahtar. Officers called Desh Gramkuts (Revenue Officers) were appointed for his cooperation.
The central government used to interfere very little in the governance of the villages. The tax burden on the people was very less.
The Rashtrakuta rulers arranged a powerful army for the protection and expansion of the empire. The total number of their soldiers was about five lakhs. Recruitment in the army was done on the basis of merit. With the help of this army, the Rashtrakuta rulers were able to achieve great victories.
King: The position of the king was the most important. The kingship was hereditary. Sometimes a capable person was also made ruler by ignoring the succession. They used to wear big titles. Like 'Parambhattaraka', 'Maharajadhiraj', 'Suvargavarsha' etc.
The Rashtrakuta rulers lived with opulence and splendor in the capital. They used to wear costly clothes and ornaments. His court was very grand. Samantas, ambassadors, ministers, poets, astrologers were regularly present in the Raj Sabha. Women were also present in the royal court.
Crown Prince: The Rashtrakuta rulers used to appoint the crown prince during their lifetime. The crown prince used to help his father in his administrative work. The prince also used to accompany his father in wars.
Council of Ministers: The Rashtrakuta rulers formed the Council of Ministers to run the administration smoothly. Most of the ministers were military officers. The post of ministers was mostly hereditary.
State System: Rashtrakutas had divided the areas under their control into many Rashtras (provinces). The head of state was called the 'President'. His main task was to maintain peace and order in the nation and collect land revenue.
Subject (District): The Rashtrakutas had divided their kingdom into 'Subject'. The chief officer of the subject was 'Vishayapati'. There were 1000 to 4000 villages in a subject. Their work also had to follow the orders of the President in the matter.
Management of Bhukti (Tehsil): The subjects were further divided into Bhuktis. The head of Bhukti was the Bhogapati. There were 50 to 70 villages in Bhukti.
Management of the city: The administration of the cities was operated under the autonomous system. The administration was run under the leadership of the mayor.
Religious Policy: The Rashtrakuta rulers believed in Hinduism. He built many temples related to Hindu deities. Krishna II had got the Jain temples built. There is evidence regarding the liberal and progressive views of the Rashtrakuta rulers.
Financial system: The source of income of Rashtrakutas was land tax. Which was called 'Udrang' or Bhog Kar. This was usually one-fourth of the produce. This tax was taken in the form of grain.
Military Administration: The Rashtrakutas had a large standing army. His army consisted of infantry, elephants and horsemen. The feudatories also used to help the Rashtrakuta rulers from time to time by sending their armies during the war.
Development of Literature and Art: The Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of the arts. He had built many temples. Of these, the Kailash temple built at Ellora is famous for its art. This temple is built by cutting a single rock. Elephanta caves were also built during this period.
Rashtrakutas had given protection to many scholars in their court. Amoghavarsha himself was a great scholar. He composed a book named 'Kavi Highway'. It is considered a major text of Kannada language. Jinsen composed famous texts named 'Adi Purana' and 'Harivansh Purana' under the protection of Rashtrakutas. The books named 'Ganitasar Sangrah' composed by Mahavir Acharya, 'Amoghavarsha-Vritti' by Shankatayan and 'Nalchampu' by Vikram Bhatt were also very famous. Apart from these, the names of famous scholars of that time were Pampa, Ponna and Ranna. These are considered the three gems of Kannada poetry.
Consequences of the Tripartite Struggle
This long and fierce struggle for Kannauj proved disastrous for all the three dynasties, the Palas, the Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas. Due to this struggle, these three dynasties became very weak. Even they could not keep their respective territories under control. The territories of the Rashtrakutas were taken over by the later Chalukyas. The Pratihara state was divided into many small states. The Sena dynasty replaced the Pal dynasty in Bengal. Thus we see that the tripartite struggle for Kannauj led to the downfall of all the three dynasties.
Question Answer
let's know, how much learned
1. Which of the following dynasty was not a part of the tripartite struggle?
a) Pal
b) Chola
Military Administration: The Rashtrakutas had a large standing army. His army consisted of infantry, elephants and horsemen. The feudatories also used to help the Rashtrakuta rulers from time to time by sending their armies during the war.
Development of Literature and Art: The Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of the arts. He had built many temples. Of these, the Kailash temple built at Ellora is famous for its art. This temple is built by cutting a single rock. Elephanta caves were also built during this period.
Rashtrakutas had given protection to many scholars in their court. Amoghavarsha himself was a great scholar. He composed a book named 'Kavi Highway'. It is considered a major text of Kannada language. Jinsen composed famous texts named 'Adi Purana' and 'Harivansh Purana' under the protection of Rashtrakutas. The books named 'Ganitasar Sangrah' composed by Mahavir Acharya, 'Amoghavarsha-Vritti' by Shankatayan and 'Nalchampu' by Vikram Bhatt were also very famous. Apart from these, the names of famous scholars of that time were Pampa, Ponna and Ranna. These are considered the three gems of Kannada poetry.
Consequences of the Tripartite Struggle
This long and fierce struggle for Kannauj proved disastrous for all the three dynasties, the Palas, the Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas. Due to this struggle, these three dynasties became very weak. Even they could not keep their respective territories under control. The territories of the Rashtrakutas were taken over by the later Chalukyas. The Pratihara state was divided into many small states. The Sena dynasty replaced the Pal dynasty in Bengal. Thus we see that the tripartite struggle for Kannauj led to the downfall of all the three dynasties.
Question Answer
let's know, how much learned
1. Which of the following dynasty was not a part of the tripartite struggle?
a) Pal
b) Chola
c) Rashtrakutas
d) retaliation
Answer – b) Chola
2. Vikramshila University was founded by _____.
a) Pala dynasty
b) Chola dynasty
c) Rashtrakuta dynasty
d) Pratihara dynasty
Answer – a) Pala dynasty
3. The origin of Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty is told by ______ through Agnikund.
a) Chakrapani
b) Sandhyakaranandi
c) Madhav
d) Chandbardai
Answer – d) Chandbardai
4. The tripartite struggle took place to achieve which of the following kingdoms?
a) Bengal
b) Kannauj
c) Ujjain
d) Pataliputra
Answer – B) Kannauj
5. The head of the province (nation) was called _____ by the Rashtrakutas.
a) President
b) Governor
c) Maharajdhiraj
d) Prime Minister
Answer – a) President
Fill in the blanks:
d) retaliation
Answer – b) Chola
2. Vikramshila University was founded by _____.
a) Pala dynasty
b) Chola dynasty
c) Rashtrakuta dynasty
d) Pratihara dynasty
Answer – a) Pala dynasty
3. The origin of Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty is told by ______ through Agnikund.
a) Chakrapani
b) Sandhyakaranandi
c) Madhav
d) Chandbardai
Answer – d) Chandbardai
4. The tripartite struggle took place to achieve which of the following kingdoms?
a) Bengal
b) Kannauj
c) Ujjain
d) Pataliputra
Answer – B) Kannauj
5. The head of the province (nation) was called _____ by the Rashtrakutas.
a) President
b) Governor
c) Maharajdhiraj
d) Prime Minister
Answer – a) President
Fill in the blanks:
- The tripartite struggle took place to control _________.
- Mihirbhoj was a powerful ruler of the ________ dynasty.
- Famous scholars like Sandhyakaranandi and Chakrapani worked under the patronage of ________ rulers.
- The tripartite struggle lasted for about ___________ years.
- Dantidurga belonged to the _______ dynasty.
Match :
Tripartite struggle Adi Varah
Buddhism Current Tehsil
South India Palas, Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas
Bhukti Pal dynasty
Mihirbhoj Rashtrakuta ruler
Answer -
Tripartite struggle Palas, Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas
Buddhism Pal dynasty
South India Rashtrakuta ruler
Bhukti Current Tehsil
Mihirbhoj Adi Varah
Short Question:
Question 1. Which were the dynasties in the tripartite struggle?
Answer – There were three major dynasties in the tripartite struggle – Pal, Pratihara and Rashtrakuta.
Question 1. Which were the dynasties in the tripartite struggle?
Answer – There were three major dynasties in the tripartite struggle – Pal, Pratihara and Rashtrakuta.
Question 2. What has been said about Mihirbhoj in Daulatpur inscription and Gwalior inscription? Which foreign invader did he defeat?
Answer – According to the Daulatpur inscription, he has been called 'Prabhas' and 'Adi Varahan' in the Gwalior inscription. He defeated the foreign invaders Hanas.
Question 3. Which were the famous scholars during the reign of Pal dynasty?
Answer – Sandhyakaranandi, Chakrapani, Madhav and Jimutvahan were the most famous scholars during the reign of Pal dynasty.
Question 4. Which rulers of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty took part in the tripartite struggle?
Answer – There were many branches of Gurjara-Pratiharas, among them the ruler of Ujjain branch was the chief. He only participated in the tripartite struggle.
Question 5. List the branches of Pala and Rashtrakutas.
Answer – There were no branches of Pala dynasty while the main branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty were Manyakhet branch, Manyur branch and Alichpur branch.
Let's consider:
Question 1. Why was Kannauj important for the Pala, Pratihara and Rashtrakuta dynasties? Briefly explain.
Answer – Kannauj was important for Pala, Pratihara and Rashtrakuta dynasty for the following reasons –
Answer – According to the Daulatpur inscription, he has been called 'Prabhas' and 'Adi Varahan' in the Gwalior inscription. He defeated the foreign invaders Hanas.
Question 3. Which were the famous scholars during the reign of Pal dynasty?
Answer – Sandhyakaranandi, Chakrapani, Madhav and Jimutvahan were the most famous scholars during the reign of Pal dynasty.
Question 4. Which rulers of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty took part in the tripartite struggle?
Answer – There were many branches of Gurjara-Pratiharas, among them the ruler of Ujjain branch was the chief. He only participated in the tripartite struggle.
Question 5. List the branches of Pala and Rashtrakutas.
Answer – There were no branches of Pala dynasty while the main branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty were Manyakhet branch, Manyur branch and Alichpur branch.
Let's consider:
Question 1. Why was Kannauj important for the Pala, Pratihara and Rashtrakuta dynasties? Briefly explain.
Answer – Kannauj was important for Pala, Pratihara and Rashtrakuta dynasty for the following reasons –
- Harshvardhan had given Kannauj a proud place by making Kannauj the capital of his empire.
- It was the biggest cultural center of northern India.
- This region was very fertile and commercially important.
- The kings of that time were of the view that a king could claim his supremacy over the vast fertile region of North India only by capturing Kannauj.
Answer – Yes, I agree with the statement that the Rashtrakuta dynasty had created an efficient governance system. Whose description is as follows - The governance system of the Rashtrakuta rulers was of very high quality. To resolve disputes regarding succession, rulers often appointed their eldest son as crown prince.
For the efficiency of the administrative system, the empire was divided into Rashtras (provinces), subjects and bhuktis.
Koshtpal or Kotwal was responsible for maintaining law and order in the city and its surrounding areas.
The smallest unit of administration was the village. The head of the village who was called Gram Mahtar. Officers called Desh Gramkuts (Revenue Officers) were appointed for his cooperation.
The central government used to interfere very little in the governance of the villages. The tax burden on the people was very less.
The Rashtrakuta rulers arranged a powerful army for the protection and expansion of the empire. Recruitment in the army was done on the basis of merit.
Question 3. Make a comparative analysis of the contribution made by Gurjara-Pratihara and Pallava rulers in the field of art and architecture.
Answer – The Gurjara-Pratihara and Pallava kingdoms were great patrons of art, architecture and literature. Notable sculptures from the Gurjara Pratihara period include the Vishvarupa form of Vishnu and the marriage of Shiva and Parvati from Kannauj. Beautiful carvings can be seen on the walls of the temples standing at Osiya, Abhaneri and Kota (Rajasthan). The female figure named Surasundari displayed in the Gwalior Museum is one of the most attractive sculptures of Gurjara-Pratihara art. The Pallava rulers also installed the idols of Hindu deities like Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Lakshmi etc. in the temples. The Shiva Temple at Mahabalipuram, the Temple of the Five Pandavas and the Varaha Temple built by the Pallavas are the best examples of the art of this period.
Question 4. “Pal dynasty had an important contribution in education and literature.” Explain this statement with reason.
Answer – The Pala rulers were great patrons of education and literature. For the spread of education, he established educational institutions in Sompuri, Vikramshila and Udantapuri. Apart from these, by giving financial assistance to Nalanda University, it further increased its respect. A large number of students used to come to these universities not only from different regions of the country but also from abroad to get education. For this reason, where there was a surprising increase in the spread of education, Indian culture also got an opportunity to spread abroad. Along with this, the development of Sanskrit literature also continued.
Question 5. What were the results of the Kannauj struggle? Explain any four points.
Answer – The following were the results of the Kannauj struggle :-
- This long and fierce struggle for Kannauj proved disastrous for all the three dynasties, Palas, Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas.
- Due to this struggle, these three dynasties became very weak. Even they could not keep their respective territories under control.
- The territories of the Rashtrakutas were taken over by the later Chalukyas. The Pratihara state was divided into many small states. The Sena dynasty replaced the Pal dynasty in Bengal.
- The tripartite struggle for Kannauj led to the downfall of all the three dynasties.
Question 1. On the political map of India, mark the regions ruled by Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas and Palas and Kannauj.
Answer -
 |
| The regions ruled by Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas and Palas and Kannauj |
Imagine
Question 1. If you were a powerful and influential person at the time of tripartite struggle, what would you have done to end this struggle?
Answer – If I were a powerful and influential person at the time of tripartite conflict, I would have urged all the kings for war peace and would have advised to divide Kannauj peacefully among themselves.
Important Question Answer
Question 1. Describe the administrative system of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
Answer – The Rashtrakuta dynasty had created an efficient governance system. Whose description is as follows -
- The governance system of the Rashtrakuta rulers was of very high quality. To resolve disputes regarding succession, rulers often appointed their eldest son as crown prince.
- For the efficiency of the administrative system, the empire was divided into Rashtras (provinces), subjects and bhuktis.
- Koshtpal or Kotwal was responsible for maintaining law and order in the city and its surrounding areas.
- The smallest unit of administration was the village. The head of the village who was called Gram Mahtar. Officers called Desh Gramkuts (Revenue Officers) were appointed for his cooperation.
- The central government used to interfere very little in the governance of the villages. The tax burden on the people was very less.
- The Rashtrakuta rulers arranged a powerful army for the protection and expansion of the empire. Recruitment in the army was done on the basis of merit.
Answer – Rashtrakutas had divided the areas under their control into many nations (provinces). The head of state was called the 'President'. His main task was to maintain peace and order in the nation and collect land revenue.
Question 3. What was the contribution of the Rashtrakuta rulers in the development of literature and art?
Answer – The Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of the arts. He had built many temples. Of these, the Kailash temple built at Ellora is famous for its art. This temple is built by cutting a single rock. Elephanta caves were also built during this period. Rashtrakutas had given protection to many scholars in their court. Amoghavarsha himself was a great scholar. He composed a book named 'Kavi Highway'. It is considered a major text of Kannada language. Jinsen composed famous texts named 'Adi Purana' and 'Harivansh Purana' under the protection of Rashtrakutas.
Answer – The Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of the arts. He had built many temples. Of these, the Kailash temple built at Ellora is famous for its art. This temple is built by cutting a single rock. Elephanta caves were also built during this period. Rashtrakutas had given protection to many scholars in their court. Amoghavarsha himself was a great scholar. He composed a book named 'Kavi Highway'. It is considered a major text of Kannada language. Jinsen composed famous texts named 'Adi Purana' and 'Harivansh Purana' under the protection of Rashtrakutas.
▶️ For more information Visit My YouTube Channel parveenmaliklive
Comments
Post a Comment